Medicare covers pap smears, pelvic exams, and human papillomavirus hpv screening. To this end, this video describes in a virtual way the realization of a blood smear and the staining of its cellular components with giemsa staining. Recently, a number of new technologies have been developed to improve the detection of cervical cancer. But a new study by british researchers suggests that maybe they. Sonam wangchuk, microbiologist, head of public health laboratory 2. In the reap technique, the ethanol bath in the pre orange. Making and staining a blood smear a wellmade blood smear is a beauty to behold, and likely to yield interesting and significant information for a research project. Blood smear technique aspirated material may contain enough blood andor liquid to allow. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. Pdf routine histotechniques, staining and notes on. A higher level of education is related to a higher participation in pap smear screening. The reason of lack of uptake of pap smear among market women in lagos nigeria were lack of awareness of the screening programmes, absence of symptoms of cervical cancer, lack of funds and lack of. Middleincome countries tend to have more substantial infrastructural, technical, and clinical capacities that can support the provision of effective cytology services.
Smears are most commonly made using the spread or wedge technique. Although there are several techniques described for making blood smears, most people use the wedge or push technique. Obtain cervicalendocervical specimen with broom by inserting the long tines into the cervical os and twisting clockwise 4 times. To use and relate the gram stain to the study of bacterial cell morphology, and as an important step in the identification of a bacterial species. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that. It is an intimate investigation to obtain cells from the cervix neck of the womb. The pap test is also used for detection of endometrial lesions. Pap smear screening begins at age 21 regardless of when sexual activity starts. One set of smears were stained with conventional pap technique and the other set with the reap technique. Hold the fixative 1520 cm 6 to 8 inches away from the slide and evenly spray the slide by depressing the plunger 2 or 3 times. Papanicolaou test also called pap smear, pap test, cervical smear, or smear test is a screening test used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the the endocervical canal transformation zone of the female reproductive system. Ppt pap smear technique powerpoint presentation free. Pap smear and hpv human papillomavirus test every 5 years for women under 65.
Aug 23, 2018 a pap smear test is very important to screen for abnormalities of cells in the cervix. The cells are evaluated for abnormalities, specifically for pre cancerous and cancerous changes. The pickup rate of endometrial adenocarcinoma by the use of the routine, cervical scraping technique is only about 50%. Papanicolaou stain pap stain protocol ihc world, llc. Preventative services task force uspstf last published in 2003 american cancer society acs last published in 2002. New tests for cervical cancer screening american family. The technique consists of inserting a dacron swab 24 cm. Several smear making methods and variations have been documented personal preference and teaching exposure influence the method of choice but the physical properties of the fna material including the concentration of hypocellular material or cyst fluid can also dictate the most useful method of triaging and smear making. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 737k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Pdf awareness and uptake of the pap smear among market. Staining methods histology and cytology 152 notes sources of errors irregular distribution of the blood smear on a glass slide may result in an erroneous cell counts. Sep 01, 2001 the papanicolaou pap smear has been used to screen women for cervical cancer since 1940.
Pap smear adalah ilmu yang mempelajari selsel yang lepas dari sistem alat kandungan wanita lestadi, 2009. An introduction to haematology and blood smear preparation. Specimen collection and processing instructions for pap smear. Soak and smear therapy is usually only needed for several nights to 2 weeks, with conversion to maintenance treatment initiated once the acute. Standard manual for laboratory technicians on sputum smear microscopy. Female exam and pap smear a female exam is done to check for diseases of the vagina, cervix, uterus and ovaries. It involves exfoliating cells from the transformation zone of the cervix to enable examination of these cells microscopically for. The blood is the major method of transportation within.
Done regularly, it can help to recognize changes earlier and allows many women to seek treatment and avoid. A health care provider takes a sample of cervical cells and interprets the test results. Original article comparison of the routine papanicolaou. Conventional pap papanicoloau smear cytology in primary. Most information and illustrations in this book are extracted from the authors.
Residents ppap smearap smear bioline international. Comparison of conventional papanicolaou smears and a fluidbased, thinlayer system for cervical cancer screening. Manual smears are made by placing a drop of blood on one side of a glass slide. Usually pap smears find problems early while they are still easy to treat. Techniques for the preparation, fixation and staining of smears are also discussed. Pap smear guidelines uma chandavarkar, md, gynecologic oncologist womens cancer center multicare regional cancer center. Papanicolaou stain also papanicolaous stain and pap stain is a multichromatic staining histological technique developed by george papanikolaou, the father of cytopathology. Uniform guidelines for cervical cancer screening in flanders. It is known that human papillomavirus hpv increases the risk of abnormal smear results, including. Pap staining is used to differentiate cells in smear preparations of various bodily secretions. Adolescentsyoung women 20 and below are not recommended to have a pap test or hpv testing.
The papanicolaou test pap smear is a widely known cystologic test for early detection of cervical cancer. Candida was the commonest organism found on pap smear examination by both technique, however its frequency was more in cps technique as compared to mlbc technique. Evaluation of kato thick smear technique for quantitative diagnosis of helminth infections. Optimal collection technique and devices for a quality pap smear article pdf available in wmj. Psw has taken every care to ensure that the information is accurate and uptodate at the time of publication. Squash and smear techniques in cell biology youtube. Balachandran iintroductionntroduction cervical cancer is predominantly sexually transmitted and the association between certain oncogenic high risk strains of human papillomavirus hpv and cervical cancer is well documented.
Cervex brush versus vaginalcervicalendocervical vce. Papanicolaou smear, to be submitted for publication in a belgian medical journal. Women should have their first pap smear within three years of their first sexual activity or by age 21. According to centers for disease control and prevention cdc estimates, at least 50 percent of sexually active men and women will acquire a genital hpv infection at some point in their lives. This technique was developed by george papanicolaou, the father of cytopathology. A comparative study article pdf available in journal of cytology 343. Pdf optimal collection technique and devices for a. This method is used to differentiate cells in the smear preparation of various gynecological specimens pap smears, materials containing exfoliative cells and material from fine needle aspiration. Siobhan bourke discusses and demonstrates correct technique for taking cervical samples. The papanicolaou pap smear has been used to screen women for cervical cancer since 1940. Automated edge detection technique for pap smear images. Appendix b pap sampling technique source bc cancer agency cervical cancer.
Stratified squamous epithelium of transformation zone tz of the. Cells collected from a womans cervix during a pelvic exam are spread on a microscope slide for examination. Do not have a pap smear during your monthly period. Take a second slide and lie the edge flat on the smear slide. Ppap smearap smear vvandana mehta, vani vasanth, c.
The soak and smear therapy is time consuming and messy, but with detailed education about the technique, it is frequently possible to avoid systemic medication and the accompanying adverse effects. This monograph essentials of pap smear and breast cytology is prepared at the request of a large number of students in cytology who wish to have a small and concise book with numerous illustrations for easy reference during their laboratory training. Pap smear, inflammatory, cancer cervix, malignancy, gynaecological tumour, diagnosis j ayub med coll abbottabad 20. It is also used to find precancerous and cancerous cells of the vulva and vagina. Rehydration of air dried smears unfixed, airdried gynaecological smears received from peripheral areas can be used for papanicolaou staining by rehydration method the simplest rehydration technique is to place air dried cytological specimens 50 % aqueous solution of glycerine 2 rinses in 95% ethyl alcohol pap staining 44. Pdf automated classification of pap smear image to detect. Binay thapa, microbiologist, public health laboratory 3. It should be done periodically in all married and high risk women for early detection of a precancerous stage. Song vuelve a mi come back to me artist ron goodwin. This regime may use a medication you have used before without success, but now is being used in a different way, as part of an intensive treatment regimen that must be followed exactly, in order to work. Blood smears common errors the blood droplet on the left is too big and will result in a thick smear.
The pap test, also called the pap smear, is a cervical cancer screening test. To assess the superiority of staining of smears by reap technique compared to pap technique. Well characterized means that the pap smear technique and the test qualities have been well studied and described. The other is pusher or the spreader slide drop of blood 23 mm in diameter. It involves exfoliating cells from the transformation zone of the cervix to enable examination of these cells microscopically for detection of cancerous or precancerous lesions. The smear and simple staining background smears the preparation of a good smear is the backbone of all of the staining techniques performed throughout this course. Proper technique procedure, preparation of smears, fixation, staining. Pap screening may end at age 65 if the pap history is unremarkable and the patient is low risk. Pengertian pap smear adalah suatu tes yang aman dan murah dan telah dipakai bertahuntahun lamanya untuk mendeteksi kelainankaelainan yang terjadi pada selsel leher rahim fitria, 2007. A pap smear is a test that checks for changes in the cervix, which may be an early sign of cancer.
New guidelines by the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists say most women in their 20s can have a pap smear every two years instead of annually to catch slowgrowing cervical cancer. Female exam and pap smear health information translations. The method is very easy and modern research must combine studies of morphology under the microscope with molecular methods. Conventional pap smear and liquid based cytology for cervical. Taking a smear obstetrics and gynaecology osce skills. Modified ultrafast papanicolaou staining technique. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Pull the second slide back until it contacts the drop of blood. Cervical cytology, or smear tests, form part of the uk screening programme. Pap smear guidelines american college of obstetrics and gynecology acog released new guidelines in november 2009 u. Alcohols used for wiping the skin may cause hemolysis and artifacts. This test can find abnormal cells in the cervix that may turn into cancer if theyre not treated.
Papanicolaou smear cytology is widely accepted as a valuable diagnostic tool in the detection of cervical cancer and has also been described to be useful in the diagnosis of external ocular tumors. The papanicolaou test, also known as the pap test or the pap smear, was developed in the 1940s by georgios papanikolaou. The third and final part describes the examination of urine, cerebrospinal fluid and blood, including techniques based on immunological and serological principles. Automated classification of pap smear image to detect cervical dysplasia article pdf available in computer methods and programs in biomedicine 8. The skin smear is a valuable, costeffective tool in the routine management of the patient with hansens disease. The can also be used to detect cancerous cells of the breast, lung, stomach, and renal system. Before pap smears were available, cancer of the cervix was common and often fatal. Cervical cancer is less common than it once was in developed nations due to early detection through pap smear.
Objectives to learn the technique of smear preparation. Printerfriendly preparation and examination of skin smears pdf 225 kb. To detect early cancer of the cervix to determine estrogen activity related to menopause or endocrine abnormalities. The best time to schedule the test is right after your period stops. Chlamydia testing using floq and uriswabs is also discussed. Pap smear and hpv testing is not recommended for girls under 21 years of age. So, it was observed that overall frequency as well as density of specific inflammatory etiologic agents were much less in mlbc as compared to cps. Make a thin film of the material on a clean glass slide, using a sterile loop or swab for viscous specimens. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Preparation and examination of skin smears official web.
Making and staining a blood smear university of vermont. Automated edge detection technique for pap smear images using moving kmean s clustering and modified seed based region growing algorithm international journal of the computer, the internet and management vol. A pap smear collects cells from the cervix and the canal that leads to the uterus. Cervex brush sampling was compared with the conventional triple vaginalcervicalendocervical vce smear technique. Success hinges on the smear artists ability to remain invisible. Smear making and special techniques for recovering and. The most common cause of unsatisfactory smear on pap spin was scant cellularity in 3 cases 1. For each technique, a list of materials and reagents is given, followed by a. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. The trick of the smear is that it is often based on some shred of truth, but these mediadriven hit pieces are designed to obscure the truth. American cancer society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer.
Comparison of the thick smear and katokatz techniques for. Fix the sample immediately before it is airdried using a cytology spray fixative. It is a screening, not diagnostic, test for premalignant cervical changes. The blood droplet on the right is the preferred size. Allow the blood to spread along the edge of the slide. It can be performed at any time, however it is best if the women is not menstruating. Click on the image to run a 2minute video clip showing pap smear technique. The percentage of women who had a pap smear screening within the last 3 years was higher among those with secondary and tertiary. Essentials of pap smear and breast cytology pathology. Pap smear should include cytologic specimens from 2 areas. If blood does not well up, gently squeeze the finger. Introduce self to patient explain purpose of examination make sure patient has emptied her bladder check all materials and equipment, including nonsterile gloves, lubricant, speculum, mirror and equipment for taking pap and other diagnostic tests.
However, based upon available information, it may be reasonable to perform an anal pap smear every 6 to 12 months in hivinfected patients at risk for hpv infection or with a history of anogenital warts or other hpvrelated conditions. A pap smear is a simple, quick, and essentially painless screening test procedure for cancer or precancer of the uterine cervix. Cytology sample collection and preparation for veterinary. All smears with both methods were technically satisfactory for evaluation. Do not let the specimens dry at any stage of the staining procedure. The three prerequisites for a meaningful diagnosis on fnac are. Many areas of the smear will be too thick for evaluation, however, there are usually multiple cell monolayer regions present on the smear that should be acceptable for cytological assessment. To learn the techniques of gram staining, nigrosin staining and koh test. Christine isaacs, md associate professor, vcu medical center. The smear should not be taken from an ulcerated or grossly inflamed area or from the cervix. Repeat with several slides at least two thick and two thin smears should be made.
Appendix b pap sampling technique pap sampling technique. Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. The information in this act sheet has been provided for educational purposes only. Nnewer techniquesewer techniques a conventional pap smear has a sensitivity ranging from 47 to 62% and a specificity of 6090%. Pap smear aftercare instructions what you need to know. The extra time and care taken during the field season will be rewarded later when the smears must be scanned, and parasites identified and counted. Papanicolaou technique approved guidelines clsi document gp15a3 2. Women over 65 do not need a pap smear unless there is a history of two or three abnormal test results in the last 5 to 10 years, or if there is a history of dysplasia or cervical cancer. Conventional pap smear and liquid based cytology for. Pdf modified ultrafast papanicolaou staining technique. The blood can be obtained from finger heal microhematochrit tubes non heparinised for edta or heparinised for capillary blood wooden stick or glass capillary pipette. A good smear is the result of the mastery of three individual concepts. Papanicolaou stain an overview sciencedirect topics. The american journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 17.
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